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Read the passage below.
Reward Systems
Many child psychologists recommend that parents use reward systems because they encourage children to behave properly. Reward systems are advantageous because they provide positive outcomes for both the parent and child. The parents witness good behavior in their child, and the child gets something he or she wants. Reward systems are also effective because they teach children that good behavior is rewarded. Children learn to associate good behavior with positive consequences. As a result, they are more likely to behave well in the future.
Write down the main idea and key points in note form, using keywords and key phrases only. Restate the passage in your own words.
reward – something given or received in recognition of a job well done
psychologist – a person who studies how the mind works
outcome – the result of something
witness – to see something happen
associate – to connect one thing with another
Reading:
Now listen to a related lecture. Take notes on the key points and details.
caregiver – a person who takes care of others
preferred – wanted instead of other things
liable – likely
correlate – to make a connection between two things
bring about – to make something happen
Listening:
- Main topic: Reward systems encourage good behavior in children.
- Key point 1: Reward systems provide a positive outcome for both parents and child.
- Key point 2: Reward systems encourage children to continue to behave well.
M: A common way to encourage good behavior in children is to use a reward system. So, for example, a parent or a caregiver might request a certain behavior – like picking up toys or playing nicely with other kids. Then if the child does what is asked of him, his behavior is rewarded with something as simple as a preferred snack. This method works well, for one, because it produces a positive outcome for both the parents and the child. A parent may offer something like, "You can have an extra fruit snack if you share your toys with your brother." Of course, fruit snacks are often something that kids enjoy, while the parents succeed in making the child behave in a positive way, By rewarding a child with something he wants, parents are encouraging him to repeat those actions.
Reward systems are also effective because they teach kids to correlate good behavior and good results. Returning to the example of receiving an extra snack, if the child receives a fruit snack after doing something good, he will realize that doing that good thing caused him to receive a reward.
He will soon realize that good behavior brings about good things. He is thus more likely to repeat that behavior.
Read and think about the prompt below.
Using details and examples from the lecture, explain the advantages of using reward systems.
WITHOUT looking at the original reading passage, review your notes from the reading and listening passages. Select the information you think is important.
Reading:
Try to fill in the blanks of the sample response below using your notes.
Now listen to a sample response. How does it differ from your response above? Write down any differences in information or phrasing.
Listen again and repeat after the response during the intervals. Pay close attention to pronunciation, intonation, and word stress.
WITHOUT looking at the written sample response, make quick notes on your own response using your notes on the reading and the listening only.
Reading:
Notes for the Response
Now give your own spoken response to the prompt. Try to incorporate useful expressions you remember from the sample, while also paying attention to your pronunciation and intonation. Record your time.
